El lector se encontrará en el presente trabajo con dos capítulos en los cuales se aborda de manera clara e histórica el proceso de codificación europea en el periodo del iluminismo o siglo de las luces, sobre todo en lo que tiene que ver con la codificación en materia de Derecho Penal, en el segundo capítulo se aborda esa influencia del proceso de codificación europeo en el proceso de codificación en América Latina, haciendo énfasis en el impacto de dicho (...) proceso en la expedición de Primer Código Penal de 1837 de la República de la Nueva Granada esto a la luz de los aportes de dos estudiosos y juristas europeos: Cesare Bonesana Marqués de Beccaría y Jeremy Bentham. (shrink)

Este artículo realiza una reflexión del sentido de la vida; la vida de Bartolomé de las Casas. En primer lugar se centra la atención en los comienzos de su vida. Posteriormente se analiza el momento denominado: las “tres conversiones”. Las mismas que despertaron múltiples críticas y contradicciones. La primera de estas transformaciones consistió en la motivación “divina” que recibió Bartolomé para predicar libremente las injusticias sufridas por los indios americanos a manos de los españoles; el segundo cambio radicó en (...) la determinación de formarse intelectualmente; la tercera transformación radica en su capacidad para ejercer acciones políticas en favor del aborigen americano. Para terminar se esbozan las conclusiones, en las que se destaca las contradicciones en las que se insertó la vida de este autor, aclarando que estas son parte normal del proceso de búsqueda del sentido de la vida de un hombre. (shrink)

El artículo pretende ser una revisión de los conceptos: metateología y megateología utilizados por el neurocientífico Andrew Newberg en su obra Principles of Neurotheology. Para esto, en primera instancia, se hace una revisión del término teología, desde su origen griego, y reflexionar sobre si es aplicable o no a las demás religiones. En segundo lugar, se evalúa el concepto de neuroteología como una metateología o teología universal para todas las religiones. Y por último, se analiza el término de megateología, (...) como una neuroteología que pueda ser utilizada conceptual y terapéuticamente por todas las religiones en cuanto que engloba elementos comunes de estas. En este análisis se trata de resaltar los peligros en que puede caer esta propuesta como son el sincretismo religioso y una comprensión errónea de lo que es y persigue la teología del pluralismo religioso. (shrink)

Desde el pensamiento de Martín Heidegger nos preguntarnos por el sentido de la vida propiamente tal, que nos permita una comprensión amplia del mismo sin reducirlo a cuestiones formales tales como: el amor, el poder, el saber, la ciencia, la religión, el arte, la política, entre otros. Para ello, es preciso una aproximación hermenéutica a lo que Heidegger denomina Dasein , en cuanto éste se comprende en la ocupación y en la familiaridad con los entes que están -ahí en el (...) mundo, además de estar arrojados a su tener que ser. Lo que conlleva al Dasein a la apertura de posibilidades de su poder ser. Dejamos abierta la pregunta sobre el sentido y el ser, para seguir profundizando en este aspecto. (shrink)

RESUMEN El siglo XXI ha visto el auge de la "filosofia ambiental", preocupada por problematizar la crisis ecológica global. En esta bibliografia quedan relegados los aportes de Félix Guattari, uno de los primeros en desarrollar una filosofia ambiental en su obra Las tres ecologías. Este artículo propone analizar el centro problemático de esta obra pionera. Asi, se insiste en la importancia de volver al texto original; de revisar sus temas principales en cada dominio ecosófico ; y de sostener su vigencia (...) incluso a la luz de la actual filosofia ambiental. Además, en este análisis se consideran los aciertos y los desaciertos de sus apuestas y pronósticos: es notable que su incumplida esperanza práctica contrasta con su agudo diagnóstico teórico. Este texto arguye que esta obra no solo resiste bien el paso del tiempo, sino que además cumple con el propósito de clarificar la actual catástrofe planetaria. ABSTRACT The 21st century has seen the rise of "environmental philosophy", concerned with the problematization of the global ecological crisis. In this bibliography, the contributions of Felix Guattari remain relegated -even when he should be acknowledged as one of the first to develop an environmental philosophy in his work The Three Ecologies-. This article proposes an analysis of the problematic center of this pioneering work. Thus, it insists on the importance of returning to the original text; of revising its main topics in each ecosophical domain ; and of upholding its relevance even in the light of current environmental philosophy. Furthermore, in this analysis, the successes and flaws of its wagers and forecasts are considered: it is of note that its unfulfilled practical hope contrasts with its sharp theoretical diagnosis. The present text argues that this work not only passes the test of time, but also fulfills the purpose of clarifying the current planetary catastrophe. (shrink)

Las políticas de la ciudad deben ser entendidas como aquellas que abordan asuntos relacionados con un sector o territorio específico, la ciudad o una parte de ella. Sin embargo, si éstas se entienden dentro del marco del derecho a la ciudad, se convierten en políticas que van más allá de la idea de la ciudad como un problema territorial o funcional. Se convierten entonces, en políticas que atienden una realidad compleja, que abordan factores tanto territoriales y funcionales como éticos y (...) humanos. Las políticas de ciudad entonces, deben apuntar hacia esa realidad de creación humana, que es compleja y que por tanto está siempre en construcción. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone profundizar en las raíces orientales de la filosofía y práctica de la Atención Plena o Mindfulness con el objetivo de comprender su repercusión y extensión en Occidente, así como su plena integración en el marco de la filosofía perenne. Para ello, nos ocuparemos de determinar los orígenes de Mindfulness en la tradición budista utilizando como fuente principal aquellos autores que han bebido directamente del Canon Pali, y en concreto, examinaremos el sermón denominado Satipatthana Sutta o (...) Sutra de los Fundamentos de la Atención, considerado el corazón y el eje central de la Doctrina de la Mente de Buda. Este análisis, nos permitirá comprender mejor la importante repercusión de estas antiguas enseñanzas en la práctica y filosofía de Mindfulness tal y como está siendo propagado y extendido por Occidente. (shrink)

La distinción entre transmedia y cross-media con frecuencia resulta confusa en los estudios sobre la comunicación. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo revisar el uso de ambos conceptos en la literatura científica publicada en Web of Science y SciELO Citation Index. La investigación parte de una muestra de 895 artículos a los que se les aplica un análisis bibliométrico y un análisis de redes para descubrir las relaciones entre textos. Los resultados del estudio son útiles para conocer la configuración del campo (...) de conocimiento desde una perspectiva que integra las diversas disciplinas implicadas y abren el espectro para entender la comunicación transmedia y cross-media como objetos de estudio afines que deben ser estudiados de forma interdisciplinar. (shrink)

“Dos se quedan allí: la miserable y la misericordia” es una de las frases más conocidas de las obras de san Agustín y que más se emplean en homilías para hablar de la misericordia. En este texto nos proponemos analizar el concepto de misericordia en san Agustín siguiendo su comentario al evangelio de san Juan sobre el encuentro entre la adúltera y el Señor. Para sistematizar el pensamiento agustiniano, repasaremos el triple juicio en este pasaje bíblico: el juicio de los (...) fariseos, el juicio de Jesucristo y el juicio de la propia rea. (shrink)

The main purpose of this dissertation is to apply and develop new forcing techniques to obtain models where several cardinal characteristics are pairwise different as well as force many (even more, continuum many) different values of cardinal characteristics that are parametrized by reals. In particular, we look at cardinal characteristics associated with strong measure zero, Yorioka ideals, and localization and anti-localization cardinals.In this thesis we introduce the property “F-linked” of subsets of posets for a given free filter F on the (...) natural numbers, and define the properties “ $\mu $ -F-linked” and “ $\theta $ -F-Knaster” for posets in a natural way. We show that $\theta $ -F-Knaster posets preserve strong types of unbounded families and of maximal almost disjoint families. These kinds of posets led to the development of a general technique to construct $\theta $ - $\textrm {Fr}$ -Knaster posets (where $\textrm {Fr}$ is the Frechet ideal) via matrix iterations of ${<}\theta $ -ultrafilter-linked posets (restricted to some level of the matrix). The latter technique allows proving consistency results about Cichoń’s diagram (without using large cardinals) and to prove the consistency of the fact that, for each Yorioka ideal, the four cardinal characteristics associated with it are pairwise different. Another important application is to show that three strongly compact cardinals are enough to force that Cichoń’s diagram can be separated into 10 different values. Later on, it was shown by Goldstern, Kellner, Mejía, and Shelah that no large cardinals are needed for Cichoń’s maximum (J. Eur. Math. Soc. 24 (2022), no. 11, p. 3951–3967).On the other hand, we deal with certain types of tree forcings including Sacks forcing, and show that these increase the covering of the strong measure zero ideal $\mathcal {SN}$. As a consequence, in Sacks model, such covering number is equal to the size of the continuum, which indicates that this covering number is consistently larger than any other classical cardinal characteristics of the continuum. Even more, Sacks forcing can be used to force that $\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which is the first consistency result where more than two cardinal characteristics associated with $\mathcal {SN}$ are pairwise different. To obtain another result in this direction, we provide bounds for $\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which generalizes Yorioka’s characterization of $\mathcal {SN}$ (J. Symbolic Logic 67.4 (2002), p. 1373–1384). As a consequence, we get the consistency of $\operatorname {\mathrm{add}}(\mathcal {SN})=\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$ with ZFC (via a matrix iteration forcing construction).We conclude this thesis by combining creature forcing approaches by Kellner and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 51.1–2 (2012), p. 49–70) and by Fischer, Goldstern, Kellner, and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 56.7–8 (2017), p. 1045–1103) to show that, under CH, there is a proper $\omega ^\omega $ -bounding poset with $\aleph _2$ -cc that forces continuum many pairwise different cardinal characteristics, parametrized by reals, for each one of the following six types: uniformity and covering numbers of Yorioka ideals as well as both kinds of localization and anti-localization cardinals, respectively. This answers several open questions from Klausner and Mejía (Arch. Math. Logic 61 (2022), pp. 653–683).Abstract prepared by Miguel Antonio Cardona-MontoyaE-mail: [email protected]: https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/19629. (shrink)

El artículo presenta la teoría del hombre de Bartolomé de las Casas sustraída principalmente de la tradición aristotélica, Tomas de Aquino, Francisco de Vitoria, del cristianismo y de su experiencia como colono y clérigo, complemento práctico que le permitieron entender al hombre americano desde una perspectiva filosófico-antropológica, con atributos particulares emanados de la misma naturaleza humana y de los contextos geográficos en los que vive. El siguiente trabajo constará de las fuentes teóricas de la cual toma Bartolomé de las Casas (...) su filosofía sobre el hombre: Aristóteles, Tomás de Aquino; y la Biblia, para concluir con el concepto de hombre Lascasiano sustraído de la combinación de hace de las teorías leídas como de la experiencia en el territorio americano. (shrink)

Advances in technology, research development, and teaching practices have brought improvements in the training, levels of autonomy, and quality of life of people who need support and resources appropriate to their circumstances of disability. This article focuses on empirically analyzing the usefulness of treatments that have been supported by technology to answer the question “How do technological ecosystems being used help people with special educational needs?” The multiple case study methodology was used to address six categories of analysis: project data, (...) objectives, processes, outputs and outcomes, technologies, and impact. The processes, open in communication, were characterized as transversal, ethical, and sustainable. The results yielded various technological ecosystems that support people with disabilities, deliver the help they need to improve their health, and provide enjoyable user experiences. At the same time, they promote the training and improvement of teaching methodologies and involve families in order to improve their knowledge, attitudes, and care of children, young people, and adults with functional diversity. (shrink)

La dimensión hermenéutica de las experiencias vividas se ha abordado desde una reducción analítica que suspende temporal y espacialmente la caracterización de agente narrativo. La racionalidad narrativa podría ofrecer una estructura dinámica en la configuración de la identidad del agente narrativo, además de posibilidades formativas que amplían sus dominios de significación y acción. El artículo de reflexión presenta elementos estructurales de la narrativa para caracterizar el agente narrativo. Esquematismo, tradición y triple mímesis, como base para la configuración de historias que (...) revelan la identidad característica del agente narrativo, estructuran el texto. (shrink)

Though written corporate codes of ethics have been touted as a panacea for the embarrassments and uncertainties of the past two decades, the absence of clear evaluation procedures severely compromises their usefulness. An ethnographic study comparing development processes and compliance outcomes in large health care facilities and energy companies shows that neither of the two industries has encountered much success with a codes of ethics program. Companies that distribute copies of their code of ethics seldom ensure the process is completed (...) or that employees understand the purpose of the document, and staff responsible for the code give it a low priority relative to their overall responsibilities. Contrary to expectations, health care facilities are no more likely to develop or implement codes of ethics effectively than are energy companies. More extensive research is needed in order to generate the data necessary for the development of realistic standards for the evaluation of codes of ethics. (shrink)

La Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, en su misión de aportar a la transformación de las realidades sociales, plantea en su enfoque educativo la estrategia que procura articular la teoría con la práctica —praxeología—. Por ello, la investigación formativa es un planteamiento que viabiliza que tanto estudiantes y docentes vivan y sientan realmente el conocimiento y que, a su vez, articulen e incidan en las comunidades. A este respecto, presentaremos una experiencia que da cuenta del enfoque praxeológico. La intención de (...) Uniminuto es, entonces, que el conocimiento transforme y genere reflexiones y acciones de cara a las necesidades de los contextos. La universidad de hoy no puede ni debe sustraerse a una mirada sobre el territorio, sus problemáticas y potencialidades, por tanto, estudiantes y docentes deben constituirse en conectores de espacios académicos con la realidad social. (shrink)

Theories related to cognitive sciences, Human-in-the-loop Cyber-physical systems, data analysis for decision-making, and computational ethics make clear the need to create transdisciplinary learning, research, and application strategies to bring coherence to the paradigm of a truly human-oriented technology. Autonomous objects assume more responsibilities for individual and collective phenomena, they have gradually filtered into routines and require the incorporation of ethical practice into the professions related to the development, modeling, and design of algorithms. To make this possible, it is pertinent and (...) urgent to bring them closer to the problems and approaches of the humanities. Increasingly transdisciplinary research must be part of the construction of systems that provide developers and scientists with the necessary bases to understand the ethical debate and therefore their commitment to society. This article considers two theories as articulating axes: Blumenberg’s, coming from the field of philosophy, for whom the process of technification and especially the implementation of mathematical models in their algorithmic form leads to an emptying of meaning and therefore makes programmers who implement their functions to be alien to the concerns that gave them origin; Daston’s, belonging to the field of the history of science and according to which the division of labor in the processes of technification of the calculation implies a kind of subordination in which those who implement the inventions of a small group of privileged mathematicians ignore the procedures that put them into operation. Given these two theories, the black box models prevalent in AI development, and the urgency of establishing explanatory frameworks for the development of computational ethics, this article exposes the need to give a voice to the cultural history of consciousness for promoting the discussions around the implementation of mathematical algorithms. The paper takes as a reference the different points of view that have emerged around the study of technological ethics, its applicability, management, and design. It criticizes the current state of studies from a humanistic perspective and explains how the historical perspective allows promoting the training of software engineers, developers and creators so that they assume intuitions and moral values in the development of their work. Specifically, it aims to expose how cultural history, applied to the study of consciousness and its phenomena, makes those involved in this technological revolution aware of the effect that they, through their algorithms, have on society in general and on human beings in particular. (shrink)

Ecological psychology is one of the most influential theories of perception in the embodied, anti-representational, and situated cognitive sciences. However, radical enactivists claim that Gibsonians tend to describe ecological information and its ‘pick up’ in ways that make ecological psychology close to representational theories of perception and cognition. Motivated by worries about the tenability of classical views of informational content and its processing, these authors claim that ecological psychology needs to be “RECtified” so as to explicitly resist representational readings. In (...) this paper, we argue against this call for RECtification. To do so, we offer a detailed analysis of the notion of perceptual information and other related notions such as specificity and meaning, as they are presented in the specialized ecological literature. We defend that these notions, if properly understood, remain free of any representational commitment. Ecological psychology, we conclude, does not need to be RECtified. (shrink)

According to F. Adams [this journal, vol. 68, 2018] cognition cannot be realized in plants or bacteria. In his view, plants and bacteria respond to the here-and-now in a hardwired, inflexible manner, and are therefore incapable of cognitive activity. This article takes issue with the pursuit of plant cognition from the perspective of an empirically informed philosophy of plant neurobiology. As we argue, empirical evidence shows, contra Adams, that plant behavior is in many ways analogous to animal behavior. This renders (...) plants suitable to be described as cognitive agents in a non-metaphorical way. Sections two to four review the arguments offered by Adams in light of scientific evidence on plant adaptive behavior, decision-making, anticipation, as well as learning and memory. Section five introduces the ‘phyto-nervous’ system of plants. To conclude, section six resituates the quest for plant cognition into a broader approach in cognitive science, as represented by enactive and ecological schools of thought. Overall, we aim to motivate the idea that plants may be considered genuine cognitive agents. Our hope is to help propel public awareness and discussion of plant intelligence once appropriately stripped of anthropocentric preconceptions of the sort that Adams' position appears to exemplify. (shrink)

RESUMEN La música occidental ha mantenido una relación cruzada y necesaria, más o menos comprometida, con la aritmética, la geometría y la física. En este artículo se hace un seguimiento histórico de este vínculo, intentando poner en evidencia algunas de las problemáticas filosóficas y epistemológicas compartidas por aquellas disciplinas. El camino seguido empieza en los griegos y termina en la Alta Edad Media, época en la que se establecen los principios de la notación diastemática, que constituye el fundamento de la (...) escritura sobre pentagrama, es decir, el sistema simbólico característico de la tradición occidental hasta el siglo XX. ABSTRACT The music of the Western world has always had a necessary and more or less committed relationship to arithmetic, geometry, and physics. The article carries out a historical review of this relation, in order to point out some of the philosophical and epistemological issues shared by those disciplines. The path covered starts out with the Greeks and ends with the High Middle Ages, when the principles of disatematic notation are established. The latter, in turn, constitutes the basis for staff notation, that is, the symbolic system typical of Western tradition until the 20th century. RESUMO A música ocidental vem mantendo uma relação cruzada e necessária, mais ou menos comprometida, com a aritmética, a geometria e a física. Neste artigo, faz-se um seguimento histórico desse vinculo tentando evidenciar algumas das problemáticas filosóficas e epistemológicas compartilhadas por essas disciplinas. O caminho seguido começa nos gregos e termina na Alta Idade Média, época na qual se estabelecem os princípios da notação diastemática, que constitui o fundamento da escritura sobre pentagrama, isto é, o sistema simbólico característico da tradição ocidental até o século XX. (shrink)

Explaining agency is a significant challenge for those who are interested in the sciences of the mind, and non-representationalists are no exception to this. Even though both ecological psychologists and enactivists agree that agency is to be explained by focusing on the relation between the organism and the environment, they have approached it by focusing on different aspects of the organism-environment relation. In this paper, I offer a suggestion for a radical embodied account of agency that combines ecological psychology with (...) recent trends in enactive cognitive science. According to this proposal, while enactivism focuses primarily on describing how our acquired sensorimotor schemes and habits mutually equilibrate, affecting our tendency to act upon some affordances instead of others, ecological psychology focuses on studying how perceptual information contributes to the actualization of the sensorimotor schemes and habits without mediating representations, inferences, and computations. The paper concludes by briefly exploring how this ecological-enactive theory of agency can account for how socio-cultural norms shape human agency. (shrink)

Dynamic Theodicy (DT) is a broad concept we bring up to designate some modern Philosophical Theology attempts to reconcile the necessary and perfect existence of God with the contingent characteristics of human life. In this paper we analyze such approaches and discuss how they have become incomprehensible because the metaphysical assumptions implicit in these explanations have lost their intrinsic relation to the natural human desire for salvation. In the first part we show Charles Hartshorne's DT-model, arising from the modal logic (...) of perfection, and the modern rational problems of this position in making infinite-necessary Being (God) and finite-contingent being (human) compatible. We note that at the heart of the contradictions in this DT account is a dialectical mode of thinking that makes it difficult to find a correct solution to this dichotomy, and to assume a human desire that could be considered related to lifelong goals. In the second part, supported by the proposal of Hans Urs von Balthasar's DT, we develop the concepts of bodily vulnerability, corporeal intentionality, and natural desire for salvation, which come from an Aristotelian-Thomistic thought. This theory is established in order to build an argument, following Alasdair MacIntyre’s ethical framework, on how to make possible the recovery of a metaphysical and anthropological desire that transcends natural aging and goes beyond death. We conclude that both human dependence and the virtues that arise naturally when human beings decide to seek the good of their transcendent condition, make it possible to recover the natural desire for salvation through divine and human love. (shrink)

This paper outlines the ontology of problems in Deleuze’s magnum opus, Difference and Repetition. By ontology of problems I refer to the conceptualization of problems as a fundamentally ontological—not epistemological—subject. This problematic-being is the object of Ideas, which are at the core of Deleuzian ontology, as shown in the actualization of the virtual and its four aspects: differentiation [différentiation], individuation, dramatization, and differentiation [différenciation]. For this reason, a deeper comprehension of the ontology of problems serves as the most adequate prelude (...) for a sound approach to all of Deleuzian ontology. In addition, this article highlights the philosophical and scientific sources upon which Deleuze draws in order to build his ontology of problems. Of special note are his references to several metaphysicians of differential calculus and prominent mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries. (shrink)